Control PIC Serial Port

This is a tutorial for microcontroller tutorial circuit (you can use it on any other PIC device even a 16F84 as it uses a software implementation of the transmit part of a USART). The circuit uses the standard MAX232 level translator chip but you could use an SP202ECP which has identical pin out (and is cheaper!) and lets you use 100nF capacitors instead of electrolytic ones. Connect the ground and transmit output to a serial port connector as shown and to a serial cable from it to the PC and it's ready to go. This is the figure of the circuit;

The code for the TX part of the USART is simplified in that it generates 10 bits of serial data with no parity bit. Since each bit takes 1/2400 seconds the total time to transmit a digit is 4.16ms.  Adding a pic serial port connection to the circuit gives you scope for much more interesting projects as you can collect data from the ADC (inputs) or comparator or external infrared receiver module etc. and transmit it to a PC.

read more "Control PIC Serial Port"

Control Decimal Vs Binary Numeration

Counting from zero to twenty using four different kinds of numeration systems: hash marks, Roman numerals, decimal, and binary:
System:    Hash Marks               Roman     Decimal     Binary
-------    ----------               -----     -------     ------
Zero       n/a                       n/a         0          0
One        |                          I          1          1
Two        ||                         II         2          10
Three      |||                        III        3          11
Four       ||||                       IV         4          100
Five       /|||/                      V          5          101
Six        /|||/ |                    VI         6          110
Seven      /|||/ ||                   VII        7          111
Eight      /|||/ |||                  VIII       8          1000
Nine       /|||/ ||||                 IX         9          1001
Ten        /|||/ /|||/                X          10         1010
Eleven     /|||/ /|||/ |              XI         11         1011
Twelve     /|||/ /|||/ ||             XII        12         1100
Thirteen   /|||/ /|||/ |||            XIII       13         1101
Fourteen   /|||/ /|||/ ||||           XIV        14         1110
Fifteen    /|||/ /|||/ /|||/          XV         15         1111
Sixteen    /|||/ /|||/ /|||/ |        XVI        16         10000
Seventeen  /|||/ /|||/ /|||/ ||       XVII       17         10001
Eighteen   /|||/ /|||/ /|||/ |||      XVIII      18         10010
Nineteen   /|||/ /|||/ /|||/ ||||     XIX        19         10011
Twenty     /|||/ /|||/ /|||/ /|||/    XX         20         10100

Neither hash marks nor the Roman system are very practical for symbolizing large numbers. Obviously, place-weighted systems such as decimal and binary are more efficient for the task. Notice, though, how much shorter decimal notation is over binary notation, for the same number of quantities. What takes five bits in binary notation only takes two digits in decimal notation. This raises an interesting question regarding different numeration systems: how large of a number can be represented with a limited number of cipher positions, or places? With the crude hash-mark system, the number of places IS the largest number that can be represented, since one hash mark "place" is required for every integer step. For place-weighted systems of numeration, however, the answer is found by taking base of the numeration system (10 for decimal, 2 for binary) and raising it to the power of the number of places. For example, 5 digits in a decimal numeration system can represent 100,000 different integer number values, from 0 to 99,999 (10 to the 5th power = 100,000). 8 bits in a binary numeration system can represent 256 different integer number values, from 0 to 11111111 (binary), or 0 to 255 (decimal), because 2 to the 8th power equals 256. With each additional place position to the number field, the capacity for representing numbers increases by a factor of the base (10 for decimal, 2 for binary).
An interesting footnote for this topic is the one of the first electronic digital computers, the Eniac. The designers of the Eniac chose to represent numbers in decimal form, digitally, using a series of circuits called "ring counters" instead of just going with the binary numeration system, in an effort to minimize the number of circuits required to represent and calculate very large numbers. This approach turned out to be counter-productive, and virtually all digital computers since then have been purely binary in design. To convert a number in binary numeration to its equivalent in decimal form, all you have to do is calculate the sum of all the products of bits with their respective place-weight constants. To illustrate:

Convert 110011012  to decimal form:
bits =         1  1  0  0  1  1  0  1           
.              -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -
weight =       1  6  3  1  8  4  2  1
(in decimal    2  4  2  6
notation)      8  

The bit on the far right side is called the Least Significant Bit (LSB), because it stands in the place of the lowest weight (the one's place). The bit on the far left side is called the Most Significant Bit (MSB), because it stands in the place of the highest weight (the one hundred twenty-eight's place). Remember, a bit value of "1" means that the respective place weight gets added to the total value, and a bit value of "0" means that the respective place weight does not get added to the total value. With the above example, we have:

12810  + 6410  + 810  + 410  + 110  = 20510

If we encounter a binary number with a dot (.), called a "binary point" instead of a decimal point, we follow the same procedure, realizing that each place weight to the right of the point is one-half the value of the one to the left of it (just as each place weight to the right of a decimal point is one-tenth the weight of the one to the left of it). For example:

Convert 101.0112  to decimal form:
.
bits =         1  0  1  .  0  1  1             
.              -  -  -  -  -  -  -
weight =       4  2  1     1  1  1 
(in decimal                /  /  /
notation)                  2  4  8

410  + 110  + 0.2510  + 0.12510  = 5.37510

read more "Control Decimal Vs Binary Numeration"

Control Straightforward Loop Operation

In a current loop, the output voltage from a sensor is first converted to a proportional current, in which 4mA normally represents the sensor's zero-level output and 20mA represents the full-scale output. A receiver at the remote end converts the 4-20mA current back to a voltage, which can be further processed by a computer or display module. The typical 4-20mA current-loop circuit consists of four elements: a sensor/transducer, a voltage-to-current converter, a loop power supply, and a receiver/monitor. In loop-powered applications, the sensor drives the voltage to- current converter, and the other three elements are connected in series to form a closed loop. This is the figure of the operation diagram.

read more "Control Straightforward Loop Operation"

Control RJ45 Port Pin Out

RJ45 is used to connect Ethernet port on your computer. There are two configuration: straight and cross. Straight RJ45 cables should be used to connect between computer and device such as switch or hub, and cross RJ45 cables should be used in computer-to-computer connection.  Some hub or switch has the capability to detect the cable type and accept both straight and cross RJ45 cables. This is the figure of the wiring diagram.

A straight Ethernet cable has same RJ-45 pin-out configuration at both end of the CAT-5 cable, either by using EIA/TIA-568A standard or EIA/TIA-568B standard.

read more "Control RJ45 Port Pin Out"

Control Timer Circuit Using Real Time Clock PCF8583

This is a circuit for timer that is control by real time clock PCF8583. The PCF8583 is a clock/calendar circuit based on a 2048-bit static CMOS RAM organized as 256 words by 8 bits. Addresses and data are transferred serially via the two-line bidirectional I2C-bus. This is the figure of the circuit.

The built-in word address register is incremented automatically after each written or read data byte. Address pin A0 is used for programming the hardware address, allowing the connection of two devices to the bus without additional hardware. The built-in 32.768 kHz oscillator circuit and the first 8 bytes of the RAM are used for the clock/calendar and counter functions. The next 8 bytes may be programmed as alarm registers or used as free RAM space. The remaining 240 bytes are free RAM locations. The PCF8583 device is connected to a port of the AVR microcontroller.

read more "Control Timer Circuit Using Real Time Clock PCF8583"

Control LCD Display Circuit on The Glass Interface

Liquid Crystal Display on Glass is the newest in LCD technology. The display is very compact, it measures 55x27 mm and the height is only 2mm without LED backlight and 5.8mm with LED backlight. The display's can have different LED background light instead of only the green and blue of the normal LCD modules. 

There are 5 monochrome colors available: white, green/yellow, blue, red, amber and there is even a full color RGB background possible. The contrast of the display can be set with a command. This is done using software. The display's series consists of 3 types. This is the figure of the circuit.

 
The display and the corresponding backlight are clipped together and inserted into a PCB and soldered. The display has a build-in character set of 248 europe and japannese characters, in addition you can also define 8 characters. The integrated controller, the ST7036, has build in commands to control the display. In this project the display is connected to an AVR AT2313 microcontroller. 

For the ease of use it has designed a small PCB. The board has two rows of 20-pins socket connectors, in which the display can be inserted, it has also a resistor to limit the current through the background LEDs. For connection with the microcontroller the board has a 5x2-pin connector, so the board can easily connected to the STK500 board or to the AT2313 project board with a 10-pole flat cable. In this project the 4-mode is used so there are only 4 data lines and 2 control lines.

read more "Control LCD Display Circuit on The Glass Interface"

Control Fading Circuit for RGB LED

An RGB LED is a LED which has three LED's integrated in one packaging. These LED's has the colors red, green, and blue. Such a LED costs about 1 Euro. With these three colors you can mix to any color. When using 8-bit PWM a number of 256 * 256 * 256 combinations can be made, thus the LED can show 16.777 million colors, and 256 different brightness. When all the three LED is at full brightness the color will be white. When they are all off the color will be 'black' in the dark.

The RGB LED used here has four leads, one for each color an one for the common cathode (ground). The Red LED operates on a voltage of 2 V, Green needs 3.5 V, and the Blue LED needs also 3.5 V. Each LED draws 20mA current, so the maximum current consumption is 60mA. This is the figure of the circuit.

The circuit is very simple. The RGB LED is hooked up to the PWM outputs on PORTB1, PORTB2 and PORTB3 of the ATMega8. There is also a resistor between the LED and the ATM8 to limit the current to 20mA. There is also a link to the datasheet of the RGB LED that is used in this project.

read more "Control Fading Circuit for RGB LED"

Control Interfacing Keypad and LCD Embedded Microprocessor

This is circuit for interfacing I/O keypad and LCD that can study in laboratory for student to experience interfacing basic I/O devices to the HCS12 microcontroller mounted on the CML12S-DP256 development board. The keypad that using in this circuit is a standard 4 X 4 matrix keypad with 4 rows and 4 columns. This is the figure of the interfacing of keypad.


The DCM-20434 LCD display is interfaced to the MCU’s SPI-0 serial port through a serial to parallel converter as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the interface connections between the SPI-0 serial port, the 74HC595 (serial to parallel converter) device, and the LCD-PORT. The DCM-20434 LCD should be configured in four bit mode as the schematic shows DB3 through DB0 connected to ground. This is the interface figure.


To interface the LCD display to the HCS12 MCU you must understand how the physical layer interface circuit is constructed (shown in Schematics for Development Board), how to configure and use the SPI serial port (SPI Serial Bus Document), and how to configure and use the LCD display (DMC-20434 LCD Specifications ).

read more "Control Interfacing Keypad and LCD Embedded Microprocessor"

Control SPI Interface Circuit for Big 7 Segment LED

This circuit is uses for the general purpose Big LED with SPI serial interfacing. The circuit is using a serial-in-parallel out shift register, 74HC595 for receiving serial data from microcontroller board. This is the figure of the circuit.


For wiring the schematic is SER is for data input, SRCLK is shift clock and RCLK is Latch clock. Each data bit is shifted into the register on rising edge of the shift clock. When all data bits are shifted into the 8-bit register, the rising edge of RCLK will clock the data to be latched at each output bit, i.e. QA - QH. The Big LED is made from cheap dot LED. Each segment has five dot LED connected in series with a limiting resistor tied to +12V. The logic high at the input of ULN2003 makes the output active low, thus sinks the LED current into the chip. The driver has 7-bit for segment a, b, c, d, e, f, and g. Q1 is for optional point display.

Multiple digits can easily be made by connecting the QH to the next digit serial input bit, see the circuit below. Please note that, the shift clock and latch signal are tied to every 74HC595.

read more "Control SPI Interface Circuit for Big 7 Segment LED"

Control 2-Way Multiplexed LCD and Low Cost ADC Using COP8 Microcontroller

This circuit is intended to show a general solution for implementation a low cost ADC and a 2-way multiplexed LCD using COP840C 8-bit microcontroller. The implementation is demonstrated by means of a digital personal scale. Details and function of the weight sensor itself are not covered in this article. Also the algorithms used to calculate the weight from the measured frequency are not included, as they are too specific and depend on the kind of sensor used. This circuit is use a V/F Techniques for driving the LCD. The diagram is shown in below;


Today's most popular digital scales all have the following characteristics:
They are battery powered and use a LCD to display the weight. Instead of using a discrete ADC, in many cases a VFC is used, which converts an output voltage change of the weight sensor to a frequency change. This frequency is measured by a microcontroller and is used to calculate the weight. The advantages of a V/F over an A/D converter are multifold. Only one line from the V/F to the microcontroller is needed, whereas a parallel A/D needs at least 8 lines or even more (It also offers A/Ds with serial output). A V/F can be constructed very simply using National Semiconductor's low cost, precision voltage to frequency converters LM331 or LM331A. Other possibilities are using Op-amps or a 555-timer in unstable mode.

The principle work of the circuit is a capacitive or resistive sensor's weight related capacitance or resistance change is transformed by a 555 IC (in unstable mode) to a change of frequency. This frequency is measured using the COP800 16-bit timer in the “input capture'' mode. After calculation, the weight is displayed on a 2-way multiplexed LCD. Using this configuration a complete scale can be built using only two ICs and a few external passive components.

read more "Control 2-Way Multiplexed LCD and Low Cost ADC Using COP8 Microcontroller"

Control Precision Temperature Sensor with LM335

The LM335 series are precision, easily-calibrated, integrated circuit temperature sensors. Operating as a 2-terminal zener, the LM335 has a breakdown voltage directly proportional to absolute temperature at +10 mV/°K. With less than 1W dynamic impedance the device operates over a current range of 400 μA to 5 mA with virtually no change in performance. When calibrated at 25°C the LM135 has typically less than 1°C error over a 100°C temperature range. Unlike other sensors the LM135 has a linear output.

The LM335 operates from −40°C to +100°C. The LM135/LM235/LM335 are available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages while the LM335 is also available in plastic TO-92 packages.

The schematic basic figure for Temperature Sensing is;

read more "Control Precision Temperature Sensor with LM335"

Control ADC 0803 using for Digital a Transducer Interface Output

The ADC0803 family is a series of three CMOS 8-bit successive approximation A/D converters using a resistive ladder and capacitive array together with an auto-zero comparator. These converters are designed to operate with microprocessor-controlled buses using a minimum of external circuitry. The 3-State output data lines can be connected directly to the data bus. The differential analog voltage input allows for increased common-mode rejection and provides a means to adjust the zero-scale offset. Additionally, the voltage reference input provides a means of encoding small analog voltages to the full 8 bits of resolution.

Circuit figure a digital transducer interface output;


The figure shows an example of digitizing transducer interface output voltage. In this case, the transducer interface is the NE5521, an LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) Signal Conditioner. The diode at the A/D input is used to insure that the input to the A/D does not go excessively beyond the supply voltage of the A/D. See the NE5521 data sheet for a complete description of the operation of that part.

Circuit Adjustment
To adjust the full scale and zero scale of the A/D, determine the range of voltages that the transducer interface output will take on. Set the LVDT core for null and set the Zero Scale Adjust Potentiometer for a digital output from the A/D of 1000 000. Set the LVDT core for maximum voltage from the interface and set the Full Scale Adjust potentiometer so the A/D output is just barely 1111 1111.

read more "Control ADC 0803 using for Digital a Transducer Interface Output"

Control A Digital Thermostat using ADC0803

The schematic of a Digital Thermostat is shown in Figure 16. The A/D digitizes the output of the LM35, a temperature transducer IC with an output of 10 mV per °C. With VREF/2 set for 2.56 V, this 10 mV corresponds to 1/2 LSB and the circuit resolution is 2 °C. Reducing VREF/2 to 1.28 yields a resolution of 1 °C. Of course, the lower VREF/2 is, the more sensitive the A/D will be to noise.

The desired temperature is set by holding either of the set buttons closed. The SCC80C451 programming could cause the desired (set) temperature to be displayed while either button is depressed and for a short time after it is released. At other times the ambient temperature could be displayed. The set temperature is stored in an SCN8051 internal register. The A/D conversion is started by writing anything at all to the A/D with port pin P10 set high. The desired temperature is compared with the digitized actual temperature, and the heater is turned on or off by clearing setting port pin P12. If desired, another port pin could be used to turn on or off an air conditioner.

The display drivers are NE587s if common anode LED displays are used. Of course, it is possible to interface to LCD displays as well. It is explain in the figure of circuit schematic in below;

read more "Control A Digital Thermostat using ADC0803"

Control 1-Wire on Microcontroller Interface

The PIC microcontrollers have multiple General Purpose I/O (GPIO) pins, and can be easily configured to implement Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor’s 1-Wire protocol. The 1-Wire protocol allows interaction with many Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor parts, including battery and thermal management devices, memory, I Button, etc. 1-Wire devices provide solutions for identification, memory, timekeeping, measurement and control. The 1-Wire data interface is reduced to the absolute minimum (single data line with a ground reference). As most 1-Wire devices provide a relatively small amount of data, the typical data rate of 16 kbps is sufficient for the intended tasks. It is often convenient to use a GPIO pin of an 8-bit or 16-bit microcontroller in a “bit banging” manner to act as the bus master. 1-Wire devices communicate using a single data line and well-defined, time tested protocols.

1 Wire interface circuit is show with this figure;

Operations of the 1-Wire BUS

The four basic operations of a 1-Wire bus are Reset, Write 0 bit, Write 1 bit and Read bit. Using these bit operations, one has to derive a byte or a frame of bytes. The bus master initiates and controls all of the 1-Wire communication. Figure 2 illustrates the 1-Wire communication timing diagram. It is similar to Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) because, the data is transmitted by wide (logic ‘0’) and narrow (logic ‘1’) pulse widths during data bit time periods or time slots. The timing diagram also contains the recommended time values for robust communication across various line conditions.

A communication sequence starts when the bus master drives a defined length “Reset” pulse that synchronizes the entire bus. Every slave responds to the “Reset” pulse with a logic-low “Presence” pulse. To write the data, the master first initiates a time slot by driving the 1-Wire line low, and then, either holds the line low (wide pulse) to transmit a logic ‘0’ or releases the line (short pulse) to allow the bus to return to the logic ‘1’ state. To read the data, the master again initiates a time slot by driving the line with a narrow low pulse. A slave can then either return a logic ‘0’ by turning on its open-drain output and holding the line low to extend the pulse, or return a logic ‘1’ by leaving its open-drain output off to allow the line to recover.

Source; Microchip

read more "Control 1-Wire on Microcontroller Interface"

Control Handheld Ultrasonic Rangefinder

Our ultrasonic rangefinder is capable of allowing the user to determine his or her distance from an object or wall. When deciding on what type of project to design and construct, we decided that we wanted to create something that would have some practical use in life. Many groups in the past created video games, but we wanted to be different. We considered issues such as safety, user interface, and ease of use, and came up with the idea of making an ultrasonic rangefinder. A rangefinder can be used in various applications such as a measuring device or an obstacle detection device.

As stated earlier, we wanted to create something that would be of practical use to people of various walks of life. For instance, our rangefinder could be used in the case of a blackout where a person needs to find his way through a dark building and cannot see where the walls are. Alternatively, it could be used by surveyors that are preparing a site for construction. Our project is different in the fact that we built the rangefinder from the ground up.

The basic principal of the rangefinder is based on the simple concepts of SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging). First, an ultrasonic pulse is transmitted by a transducer (a device that converts a voltage signal into a sound wave and vice versa). This pulse then reflects off an object and is received by another transducer. Using the known speed of sound (340.29 m/s) and the time between the transmitted pulse (the ping) and the received pulse (the pong), one can simply calculate the distance traveled by the pulse.

In addition to determining the distance between the device and an object using the known speed of sound, our initial design included two additional modes of operation. One mode was a calibration mode while the other was a speed detection mode.

Since the speed of sound varies with altitude and atmospheric conditions, a calibration mode is quite useful. Our program is designed such that if in calibrate mode, the user can place the device a known distance 5 centimeters and send a pulse. The device then uses the time necessary for the pulse to reflect off the object and calculates a new value for the speed of sound. This new value is then used for all future distance calculations until the device is powered off.

The original speed detection mode was used to indicate to the user how quickly he or she is moving towards or away from an object. Since speed is determined by the change in distance divided by the change in time (dx/dt), speed can be determined quite simply using two pulse transmissions. When initiated, a first pulse is sent and received by the device. The distance is calculated and stored by the device. A second pulse is then sent and received by the device 0.25 seconds later and the results stored by the device. The MCU can now take the difference in distance, divide that by 0.25 seconds, and display the speed to the user on the LCD. We had initially considered using Doppler shifts in frequency to calculate speed, but we decided against it since measuring frequency is a completely new task we would have to program (compared to just detecting a pulse) and would have required much more complicated and CPU intensive math. We also felt that the velocity of a handheld device would not be fast enough to actually incur significant Doppler shifts that would make calculations doable.

Due to noise issues while testing our original program, the method of calculating distance was changed. We are now taking multiple distance samples and calculating the average. This enables more accurate readings. Obviously, the larger the number of samples, the higher the accuracy. Since we are now taking multiple samples, it is possible to measure the speed of the device in the same operating mode.

read more "Control Handheld Ultrasonic Rangefinder"

Control Keypad Interfacing

This is including interface that is basic enough for we master, because key pad is supporting facilities for input which many applied in the application of MMI (Man Machine Interface). For example:

1. At temperature governing system, key pad can be applied operator to enter set point temperature wanted

2. At motor governing system, key pad can be applied operator to enter set point speed of motor wanted

3. At officer absence system, key pad can be applied for officer to enter the ID, etc.

There is many key pad types which able to be found marketing. We will take example of keypad module interface 4x4 that drawing the physical shown to this figure;

Figure1

First Pace, we construction soybean cake of the hardware must, or minimum of the characteristic. Unknowingly construction hardware or characteristic a peripheral, we are not possible to be made interface program MCU to peripheral. If you had known construction hardware and this module characteristic, please directly make a bolt for second steps. If it is disassemblied this module depth and depicted is its schematic diagram, hence us will get in this figure;

Figure2;

There is 16 fruit of nipple pushbutton stringed up in such a way so becomes 4 column lane (K1,K2,K3,K4) and 4 battery lane (B1,B2,B3,B4). From this construction, we can get the characteristic data is as follows:

1. Otherwise there are emphase of nipple at all, hence all lanes would be each other disengaged (nothing that is jointed)

2. There is no one condition enabling the happening of joint between column lane humanities or between battery lane humanities, except there are emphasis of nipple multiple. For example; nipple 1 and nipple 2 depressed to be at the same, hence K1-K2-B1 will be jointed.

3. For emphasis only one nipples, hence only happened joint between column lanes and battery lane that is connected at nipple depressed the. For example, if nipple 1 is depressed, hence K1-B1 will be joint. Data as complete is for emphasis every nipple can be seen tables.

Because at most application only be required detection to emphasis of one nipples only, so in the next will be studied handling to emphasis of one just nipples and disregards emphasis of nipple multiple. Flowchart work we are

Flowchart:

The table;

read more "Control Keypad Interfacing"

Control Operation of D.C. Motor PWM

DC motor is many applied as actuator in so many equipments, either big and also small, slow and also quickly. DC motor is also many used by can be accommodated for ideally receives digital modulation to control speed. Way of operation of this dc motor can in PWM. Election of way of operation will be depended from requirement to itself dc motor impulse.

Principal element of DC motor is:

* Magnet

* Armature or rotor

* Commutator

* Brush (Brushes)

* Ace or axis (Axle )

This is the diagram of DC motor:

Rotary DC motor as result is each other interaction two magnetic fields. This interaction happened caused current flowing at coil.

WAY OF OPERATION of D.C.MOTOR WITH MICROCONTROLLER

Method PWM

Method Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) be method that is effective enough to control DC motor speed. this PWM works by the way of making square wave having impulse ratio high to modulation low which has is certain, usually scale from finite 0 of 100%. This square wave has permanent frequency (usually max 10 KHZ) but pulse width high and low in 1 period which will be arranged. Impulse ratio high to this low will determine number of power given to DC motor.

This the picture;

To crank DC with PWN cannot be applied relay, but having to be applied circuit driver other DC motor. This simplest circuit is in the form of transistor compiled in Darlington. Transistor used cans be in the form of type transistor NPN type BC547. This circuit can flow until current 100 mA DC.

read more "Control Operation of D.C. Motor PWM"

Control Motor Stepper and The Interface Connection

Control circuit for every motor type stepper has resemblance that is in the case of the activation. But which very differentiates is in the case of giving sequence of activation data every circumference at motor stepper. Motor stepper is electromotor that is not has commutes, where all the circumferences is part of stator. And at the rotor is only to be permanent magnet. All commutations every circumference must in control externally so that this stepper motor can be controlled causing can desist on course wanted or even rotary towards which at the opposite.

At this part will be studied about last part from motor drive train stepper. This circuit basically only to be switching current circuit flowing circumference at motor stepper. Giving sequence of data at this stepper motor can control direction of rotation from this stepper motor. Addition of velocities at motor stepper can be done by the way of increasing giving frequency of data at circuit switching current.

This control circuit later is not connected direct with circumference at motor, power supply circuit, and controlled circuit digitally in the end determines when circumference wanted in condition of OFF or on. Besides only applies transistor switching are, now have been available of driver motor that is of course is destined for motor stepper, more knowledgeable with H-Bridge. This component usually applied at motor stepper type bipolar, even though doesn't close possibility applied at motor stepper other type.

Driver Variable Circuit of Reluctance Motor figure;

In drawing upper the there is a 3 block where arranging each a motor bobbin stepper. The block consisted of current switches controlled digitally. This block plays important role in current controller which will pass certain motor bobbin. Controlling this block can be done by a simple digital network or even a computer through printer port. By using computer hence required software which later will arrange giving of data with a certain medley to switches component in block.

Bobbin at motor stepper has the same characteristic with other inductive load characteristic. On that account when there is current passing motor bobbin, cannot be killed at once without yielding a real transient tension height. This condition usually seems to be with incidence firework sprinkling (when using DC motor with big power). This thing hardly is not wanted by can destroy switches causing need to be given addition circuit to limit emerging transient tension. On the contrary when switch is closed hence there is current streaming into motor bobbin and will yield increase of tension slowly.

To limit tension spike is emerging hence there are two alternative of the solution is with parallel at motor bobbin with second diode and alternative is by using capacitor attached by parallel with motor bobbin stepper.

Figure 2;

Diode that is attached by the parallel must be able to overcome current back of happened when open switches. Diode applied cans be in the form of common diode is used like 1N4001 or 1N4002. If it is applied diode is having characteristic 'fast switch' hence need to be given addition of capacitor attached parallel at diode.

Installation of parallel capacitor with motor bobbin can cause spike generated will cause the capacitor charge so that tension spike happened will not go out but damped by this capacitor. But most importantly is this capacitor must be able to arrest surge current at the time of happened spike. Surge current is a real big abrupt current emerging in parallel with tension spike. Capacitor value must be selected at condition of where inductance value from biggest stepper motor bobbin. This is motor characteristic stepper with variable type reluctance where the inductance value is fickle is depended from the aspect of rotation at rotor axis. Addition of capacitor so that precise will form a resonance circuit which can cause improvement of torsion at motor type this.

Driver Uni-polar Permanent Magnet and Hybrid Motor Circuit figure;

read more "Control Motor Stepper and The Interface Connection"

Control Signal generating clock

Evocation of this clock signal applies Astable Multivibrator circuit by using IC 555 as core circuit. this functioning Clock arranges rotation frequency of motor stepper. Output frequency excelsior from IC 555, rotation excelsior of motor stepper. So do on the contrary. Under this is drawing schematic diagrams from signal generating clock:

As which has been shown to picture is upper, output characteristic from this circuit is square wave continue with frequency and duty certain cycle. Level of frequency influenced by value R1, R2 and C3. If it is required to change value, we can change it is using component variable which certain is level causing can be changed at any times as according to our desire. While switches is upper applied to joint and drops the ball to the next circuit.

This attached if in a moment we to wish to stop motor stepper, so that enough opening connection rotation clock so desists. Signal clock which in the form of square wave continue functioned for input signal counter. this Circuit applies D Flip-flop as IC core in circuit. From motor input characteristic data stepper, obtained eight different conditions. To create it is required [by] 8 level of calculation signal, and after reaching storey to 8 will return to duck's egg. Eight different conditions obtained from representation with 3 data bit having combination of bit counted 8.

This is diagrams schematic of counter clock signal:

read more "Control Signal generating clock"

Control Watt Meter Digital 1 Phase 1 With Microcontroller

Watt meter is designed with a digital method of multiplication that the current burden of reading by reading sensors and flow through the voltage sensor voltage. Besides, the tool also consider the power load factor obtained by looking for difference, or phase shift between current and voltage signals generated by these sensors. So for the signal processing signal there are three parameters that is the signal flow, signal voltage and is the second phase signal is. For the third signal processing is done by using microcontroller AT89S51 the third reading scale through the ADC 0809. Display LCD power is shown through the dot matrix.

Block diagram for the entire series is shown in the picture below:


A wire with electric current to the load ring be missed among a number of wire and toroid email rolled with ring will toroid coil wire in the ring will induce electric current from a wire in cash. With the induction process signals in the wire coil toroid is the current value will be missed for supplay a burden on the end of the wire currents. With this method the flow will be missed on the function legible scale sinusoidal voltage wave shape.


The type of brace that is used in signal processing flow over a non-inverting brace, on the back of a given diode inserted as callper cut the signal under the zero axis and functions as a capacitor voltage DC purification. So that the series of signals conditioner produces DC voltage compatible to the needs ADC voltage.

Voltage Sensor
Voltage sensor is a step-down transformers in general, large transformer is 300mA. Output from the sensor in the form of voltage, sinusoidal wave-shaped.

From voltage transformer to convert the voltage into 220 volt and 3 volt signal directed with full direct waves. Voltage calibration is done by placing a variable resistor 50k so that the resulting voltage can be adjusted, on the other end of the series capacitor installed a filter to produce a pure DC voltage against compatible voltage needed by the ADC.

In conditioner block signal consists of a series of blocks, which aims to create a sinusoidal signal from the sensor output voltage and current signals into a square. The establishment of the signal is done with a square method Zerro Crossing Detector, with the signal it will be a square shape is easier to phase in a series of EX-OR logic.


Over a series of images is a series of conditioner signal output from the two sensors that are used, this produces a series of three main factors used to calculate power, namely: Tension, Flow power factor. Signal generated by a sensor directly before through on series conditioner each signal is taken and on a series of missed zerro Crossing Detector resulting in a square wave. Dioda clamper work to cut the voltage to zero under the axis feed on the EX-OR gate. EX-OR logic difference between the two credit input, and form the phase difference between the current and voltage. The three parameters needed to determine the amount of power is absorbed by the load.

Signals needed by the ADC's third factor is the forming power over voltage DC for that balance is very day phase should be changed to analog voltages.To produce the frequency of the voltage wave converter box is needed to M V, in the design of this series V F to be implemented with the IC 2917. In order to produce a good output voltage, V to M design is supported by external components as shown in Figure 3.4B under this


LM2917 / 2907 is a single IC chip F to V converter or often called a series of static tacho generator designed with minimal external components may be but can produce the optimal output voltage. Tacho generator take a static balance of the frequency of entries through comparator first. Inverting input on comparator first connected with the ground through a series of capacitors and non-inverting input signal waves get input box. With the series that the first comparator this work as a detector crosser zero (zero crossing detector) to compare the square wave at the non-inverting input to the zero volt reference voltage at the inverting input. Comparator output from this first is feed on the charge pump is working to change the frequency of a voltage when the input signal changed circumstances. Tension generated by a series of above formulated with tachogenerator
Vo = VCC IN xf x C1 x R1 x K

Where K LM 2917 constant strengthening of 1 times, while the C2 on the image above functions as a series of improvements riple voltage at the same time improving the response time of change. sedangkan nilai R1 200k dan C1 10nF. 200k while the value of R1 and C1 10nF.

Applications series of ADC 0809

ADC 0809 is a product component modifier analog to digital data with the most complete composition, this is because the ADC 0809 is also equipped with 8 channels multiplekser than 8-bit digital data peubah analog to a compatible port on mikrokontroler. With 8 channels multiplekser this input ADC 0809 can read 8 analog data to be read the input alternately address based channel called by multiplekser. ADC of this type of application are very appropriate in this case mikrokontroller system because the system work every daata ADC conversion process must be driven through the 0809-free digital phone to be more easily controlled if mikrokontroller through. System 0809 series of ADC mikrokontroller in applications such as in the picture below;


In the picture above shows the system of work complement each other from 0809 to the ADC-function port on microcontroller. A number of analog data to be read on Vin1 to connect with Vin8 reading method based on the logic data AD0 to AD2. System of each channel data input on the ADC 0809 is done through the system multiflekser following:

To design a system microcontroller AT89S5x some components needed to make microcontroller becomes a minimum system that is integrated. The components needed in the series sismin is the frequency range of the work mikrokontroller applied to the 12 MHz crystal. And two ceramic 33 PF organized as the pin 18 and 19 above. A system reset active high cycle to start working on any new changes interuksi work mikrokontroller terminal connected to the RST. The no less urgent is the 5 volt power supply voltage to activate the system work over the minimum.
At a minimum system using IC programmable AT89S5X far more practical system with the disappeal of the type of AT 89C5x because the types of applications can be enabled 89S5X system as well as download the program from the serial port without the need to move on sismin new IC will be applied when the program that will run . While using the type 89C5x series down load can not be enabled sismin so as to apply the program, IC microcontroller should be moved into the applicationed special sismin into a series of work.

By using the IC programmable AT89S52 each incoming data from the ADC in the 0809 port 1 will direspon by output port (port 2) to be addressed in the LCD provided. To produce a data displaying on the LCD and the necessary step of the program is determined by flow chart programming work as follows:

read more "Control Watt Meter Digital 1 Phase 1 With Microcontroller"